Introduction
The functional fluency model and TIFF make important contributions in the fields of personal/professional development, leadership training and clinical diagnosis:

• On training courses that include ‘people skills’ and interpersonal development.
• As a practical model for promoting positive management and leadership.
• As a coaching tool and to enhance formative appraisal.
• In team building and development.
• As a behavioural diagnosis in counselling and psychotherapy contexts.
• For evaluation of training or therapeutic processes.

A. Functional fluency as a model for interpersonal development and leadership training.
1. Functional Fluency can be used as a concept in courses of study or training that promote understanding of human social functioning, communication and leadership.

For instance:

• Human psychology courses at all levels - school to postgraduate
• Initial and in-service teacher education
• Emotional literacy education/training
• Social work
• Nurse and medical student education
• Management and leadership training
• Counselling and psychotherapy training
• Police and probation work training
• Mental health work training
• Mediation training

It is easy to incorporate teaching of functional fluency into subjects such as child/human development, parenting, management and teambuilding because of its academic coherence, credibility and consistency with other researched models.

2. The functional fluency model is invaluable for practitioners whose work involves helping their clients/employees/patients/students develop self-awareness and understanding and improve their emotional literacy. Professionals can also use the Temple Index of Functional Fluency (TIFF) with their clients in order to offer the unique profiling and individual feedback as a potent agent for insight and change.

For instance:

• Psychotherapists and counsellors
• Advice and guidance workers e.g. Connexions
• Management consultants – leadership and team work
• Managers at every level, including use of TIFF in formative appraisal
• Lecturers in education, social work and mental health

3. 'TIFF Perspectives' is a unique type of personal/professional development tool for group or team members. It is a follow up to TIFF completion with individual feedback. Facilitated by a TIFF Provider, TIFF Perspectives then gives group members a way to profile each other, so that the self-awareness and understanding already gained can grow into mutual awareness and understanding. The exercise, as well as being interesting and good fun, helps to develop openness and trust in the working group or pair, which encourages mutual support and encouragement, for instance:

• Team building and working
• Learning groups
• Family therapy
• Couple counselling
• Residential and rehabilitation centres

Stress and conflict are reduced and effectiveness is increased.

B. TIFF as a behavioural diagnosis
1. The Index of Functional Fluency can be used as a complementary diagnostic measure in psychiatric contexts where the behavioural and social outcomes of emotional disturbance need a practical and easily grasped format for patients’ understanding.

2. In both counselling and psychotherapy, TIFF can be used as a collaborative humanistic tool for treatment planning. Using the two parallel TIFF questionnaires can provide a measure of change and progress, by doing them “before and after”.

C. TIFF as a research tool
TIFF is already being used academically in research projects as a measurement instrument. Use in this way is carefully monitored and supervised in order to ensure maximum research benefit and to protect the TIFF copyright.

Pilot projects using TIFF with a variety of populations will continue to amass data so that norms can be developed for different client groups. The norm that exists at present (2005) is for a generalised population of people in UK-based ‘helping professions’.